• The "show interface" command is very useful for validating your prototype. When you use this command, pay attention to errors, broadcast rates, and dropped packets.
• The "show processes" command shows CPU usage loads.
• The "ping" command gives you round-trip time as well as other capabilities.
• The "show run" command is useful for viewing the running configuration, but it is not a lot of help in validating.
• The "show version" command displays the IOS version. It is not much help in validating a prototype.

2. Answer A is correct. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) uses UDP ports 161 and 162.

• SNMP is a passive protocol that handles MIB queries by sending out UDP responses. The requester interrogates the SNMP capable Router (using a string called an OID) and the router responds with the information requested. It sounds connection-oriented, but it's actually a series of UDP conversations.
• TCP is used on connection-oriented protocols that require guaranteed delivery.
• ICMP is the protocol used to retrieve information when the "ping" command is used.
• NetBIOS is a Windows protocol that is not routable.

3. Answer A is correct. Since large networks involve a much larger scale, a prototype is most appropriate in this situation.

The reasons for building a prototype or a pilot are the same. They both prove that the network design concept is viable. The difference between them is the scope of the project.

If you want to demonstrate that VLANs would ease administrative tasks, then you might want to design a pilot that involves moving a small group of users into a switch and then create a few VLANs. This is a very small scale design concept proof.

If the pilot demonstrated favorable results, then you might want to move into the prototype stage. This might involve moving an entire division or divisions into the VLAN environment to demonstrate the concept on a larger, more formal scale.

4. Answer A is correct. The "show processes cpu" command displays the CPU utilization for the last five seconds, one minute, and five minutes by default.

• The "show processes memory" command displays the total amount of memory held, the total amount of memory used, and the total amount of free memory.
• The "show interface e0" displays the interface configuration on the Ethernet 0 interface including the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and other interface settings.
• The "show running-config" command displays the running configuration on the router such as the configured routing protocols, access lists, and interface configurations on the router.

5. Answer B is correct.

• The "show processes memory" command displays the total amount of memory held, the total amount of memory used, and the total amount of free memory.
• The "show processes cpu" command displays the CPU utilization for the last five seconds, one minute, and five minutes by default.
• The "show interface e0" displays the interface configuration on the Ethernet 0 interface including the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and other interface settings.
• The "show running-config" command displays the running configuration on the router such as the configured routing protocols, access lists, and interface configurations on the router.

6. Answers C and D are correct.

The main difference between a router and switch is speed and function complexity. Routers are concerned with forwarding decisions based on Layer 3 addressing, while Switches are only concerned with Layer 2 addressing. You can upgrade a Switch via hardware and software to get it to perform routing functions, but that is a little more advanced topic that you will encounter when you start down the CCNP track. A router can break up large broadcast domains by segmenting the network into smaller pieces. Remember, routers do not pass broadcasts.

If you start out with a flat network (most small companies with 100 hosts or less have flat networks), and you experience a merger or some other unplanned growth spurt, you can resolve your new scalability problem by breaking up the network into multiple segments through the installation of routers at the organizational breakpoints.

Collisions greater than 40% indicates the need for switching rather than routing since each port is allocated specified bandwidth.

If the network segment extends beyond 100 meters, a repeater is needed, which simply boosts the signal.

MTU size is a configurable setting in the Cisco IOS. Therefore, it is an incorrect option.

7. Answer C is correct.

Routers are very useful in limiting traffic when there are many stations searching for services. The main difference between a router and a switch is speed and function complexity. Routers are concerned with forwarding decisions based on Layer 3 addressing, while Switches are only concerned with Layer 2 addressing. You can upgrade a Switch via hardware and software to get it to perform routing functions, but that is a little more advanced topic that you will encounter when you start down the CCNP track. A router can break up large broadcast domains by segmenting the network into smaller pieces. Remember, routers do not pass broadcasts.

If you start out with a flat network (most small companies with 100 hosts or less have flat networks), and you experience a merger or some other unplanned growth spurt, you can resolve your new scalability problem by breaking up the network into multiple segments through the installation of routers at the organizational breakpoints.

Collisions greater than 40% indicates the need for switching rather than routing since each port is allocated specified bandwidth.

If the network segment extends beyond 100 meters, a repeater is needed, which simply boosts the signal.

MTU size is a configurable setting in the Cisco IOS. Therefore, it is an incorrect option.

8. Answer A is correct. Physical segmentation involves making more collision domains so all stations across physical domains can communicate.

Logical segmentation is the breaking up of a physical segment (a network with 100 hosts) into a number of smaller segments (5 networks with 20 hosts each). This type of segmentation requires a routing process for the logically segmented stations to be able to communicate with each other.

9. Answer A is correct.

Since there are multiple ways to get to the destination in the routing table, the router can immediately reach the destination over the remaining good paths.

The only time that convergence is an issue is if there are changes (removing an old or invalid path) or updates that point to a new path. Since there are still remaining desirable paths to be found in the routing table, convergence will not occur unless a scheduled update is due.

10. Answer A is correct.

Out of the total of 100 users, 50 of them will get the Windows XP upgrade because the other 50 are running Linux. The company wants to keep all the Linux workstations. So you know that you only need to buy 50 Windows XP upgrade licenses.

The Office 2000 license issue is the same situation. Since 50 of the users are running Star Office, they will not need an upgrade license for Office 2000. That leaves the remaining 50 workstations for Office 2000 licenses.

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